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Robert Bushnell Ryan (November 11, 1909July 11, 1973) was an American actor who often played hardened cops and ruthless villains. ==Early life and career== Ryan was born in Chicago, Illinois, the first child of Timothy Ryan and his wife Mabel Bushnell Ryan. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1932, having held the school's heavyweight boxing title all four years of his attendance. After graduation, the 6′ 4" Ryan found employment as a stoker on a ship, a WPA worker, and a ranch hand in Montana. Ryan attempted to make a career in show business as a playwright, but was forced to start acting in order to support himself. He studied acting in Hollywood and appeared on stage and in small film parts during the early 1940s, beginning with ''The Ghost Breakers'' and ''Queen of the Mob'', both for Paramount Pictures in 1940. In January 1944, after securing a contract guarantee from RKO Radio Pictures, Ryan enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and served as a drill instructor at Camp Pendleton, located between Oceanside and San Clemente in Southern California. At Camp Pendleton, he befriended writer and future director Richard Brooks, whose novel, ''The Brick Foxhole'', he greatly admired. He also took up painting. Ryan's breakthrough film role was as an anti-Semitic killer in ''Crossfire'' (1947), a film noir based on Brooks's novel. The role won Ryan his sole career Oscar nomination, for Best Supporting Actor. From then on, Ryan's specialty was tough/tender roles, finding particular expression in the films of directors such as Nicholas Ray, Robert Wise and Sam Fuller. In Ray's ''On Dangerous Ground'' (1951) he portrayed a burnt-out city cop finding redemption while solving a rural murder. In Wise's ''The Set-Up'' (1949), he played an over-the-hill boxer who is brutally punished for refusing to take a dive. Other important films were Anthony Mann's western ''The Naked Spur'', Sam Fuller's uproarious Japanese set gangland thriller ''House of Bamboo'', ''Bad Day at Black Rock'', and the socially conscious heist movie ''Odds Against Tomorrow''. He also appeared in several all-star war films, including ''The Longest Day'' (1962) and ''Battle of the Bulge'' (1965), and ''The Dirty Dozen'' (1967). He also played John the Baptist in MGM's Technicolor epic ''King of Kings'' (1961) and was the villainous Claggart in Peter Ustinov's adaptation of ''Billy Budd'' (1962). In his later years, Ryan continued playing significant roles in major films. Among the most notable were ''The Dirty Dozen'', ''The Professionals'' (1966) and Sam Peckinpah's highly influential brutal western ''The Wild Bunch''. He portrayed Larry Slade in the American Film Theatre's 1973 film of Eugene O'Neill's ''The Iceman Cometh'', Ryan, who died before the film's premiere, won the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor,〔(KCFCC Award Winners 1970-1979 ). Kansas City Film Critics Circle. Retrieved 2013-03-15.〕 the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor (in a tie with Al Pacino, for ''Serpico''),〔Wedman, Les. ("And Now... The Oscar for Gore at the Box Office" ). ''The Vancouver Sun''. January 10, 1974. Retrieved 2013-03-15.〕 and a special award from the National Society of Film Critics.〔Sarris, Andrew. ("Films in Focus: A Tale of Two Circles" ). ''The Village Voice''. February 14, 1974. Retrieved 2013-03-15.〕 ''The Iceman Cometh'' and ''Executive Action'' both were released in November 1973 after Ryan's death. Less than two years before, Ryan had tackled O'Neill's next, and penultimate, play onstage, portraying James Tyrone in Arvin Brown's critically acclaimed Off-Broadway production of ''Long Day's Journey Into Night''.〔("Off Broadway" ). ''The New Yorker''. Volume 47, Issue 3. Retrieved 2013-03-15. See also: *("Long Day's Journey Into Night" ). ''Cue''. April 1971. Retrieved 2013-03-15.〕 Ryan's relatively infrequent stage appearances also include three on Broadway, including a supporting role in the 1941 premiere of ''Clash by Night'' (whose 1952 film adaptation would again feature Ryan, this time starring opposite Barbara Stanwyck and Paul Douglas), and, two decades later, starring roles in ''Mr. President'' and a 1969 revival of ''The Front Page'', the oft-filmed comedy drama about newspapermen. The latter production was one of the first developed by the Plumstead Playhouse (later the Plumstead Theatre Company), a Long Island-based repertory company founded by Ryan, Martha Scott and Henry Fonda;〔("Repertory Formed By Noted Actors" ). ''The St. Petersburg Times''. August 3, 1968. Retrieved 2013-03-16.〕 the following winter, a film of the production (produced jointly by MPC and Plumstead) would be broadcast nationally over the upstart Hughes TV Network.〔("TV Drama Boasts Top Cast" ). ''The Calgary Herald''. January 23, 1970. Retrieved 2013-03-16.〕〔Du Brow, Rick. ("Xerox Presents 'The Front Page'" ). ''The Sarasota Journal''. January 12, 1970. Retrieved 2013-03-16.〕 Another highlight among Ryan's regional theater credits came in the summer of 1960, when he starred opposite Katharine Hepburn at the American Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford, Connecticut, playing Antony to Hepburn's Cleopatra. Ryan also played the title characters in Shakespeare's ''Coriolanus'' (1954, Off-Broadway) and ''Othello'' (1967, in Nottingham, England).〔UPI-AP. ("Robert Ryan Dead At 59" ) (). ''The Montreal Gazette''. July 12, 1973. Retrieved 2013-03-16.〕 Ryan made his belated small screen debut in 1955 as Abraham Lincoln in the ''Screen Director's Playhouse'' adaptation of Christopher Morley's story, "Lincoln's Doctor's Dog." As he explained to reporters, despite financial considerations, Ryan preferred to steer clear of any TV series commitment: The only money in TV is in the series, and I want to stay out of those. Sure, I might make a million or so in a series, but I'd wind up being 'Sidewinder Sam' for the rest of my life.〔("Notes From Hollywood" ). ''The Ottawa Citizen''. December 3, 1955. Retrieved 2013-03-15.〕 Ryan would remain true to these convictions, appearing in many television series, but always as a guest star. Notable appearances include his portrayal of Franklin Hoppy-Hopp in the 1964 episode "Who Chopped Down the Cherry Tree?" on the NBC medical drama about psychiatry, ''The Eleventh Hour''. Similarly, he guest starred as Lloyd Osment in the 1964 episode "Better Than a Dead Lion" in the ABC psychiatric series, ''Breaking Point''. In 1964, Ryan appeared with Warren Oates in the episode "No Comment" of CBS's short-lived drama about newspapers, ''The Reporter'', starring Harry Guardino in the title role of journalist Danny Taylor. Ryan appeared three times (1962–1964) on the western ''Wagon Train'', four times (1956–1959) on CBS's ''Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater'' and twice (1959 and 1961) on the ''Zane Grey'' spin-off ''Frontier Justice''. Among Ryan's many appearances on the dramatic anthology series of TV's golden age, perhaps most notable are his starring roles in ''Playhouse 90s production of ''The Great Gatsby'', opposite Jeanne Crain, and in the ''Buick-Electra Playhouse'' adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's ''The Snows of Kilimanjaro'', written by A.E. Hotchner, directed by John Frankenheimer, and co-starring Ann Todd, Mary Astor, and Janice Rule. Although Ryan never appeared in any production of Gene Roddenberry's ''Star Trek'', he was originally considered for the role of Commodore Matt Decker in the 1967 episode "The Doomsday Machine". Episode author Norman Spinrad reportedly had written the script with Ryan in mind to play Commodore Decker, but Ryan was unavailable, owing to prior commitments. That role subsequently went to William Windom. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Robert Ryan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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